Table 1 A summary of key characteristics of selected studies

von Stülpnagel [132]

Risk perception

ET

Linear mixed model

v

Doorley et al. [33]

Risk perception

ECG

ANOVA

v

Millar et al. [80]

Arousal

EDA

Multilevel regression

v

Pejhan et al. [93]

Anxiety

ECG or PPG (not specified)

ANOVA

v

Fitch et al. [43]

Stress

ECG

Multilevel regression

v

Venkatachalapathy et al. [127]

Stress

EDA

v

Linear mixed model

v

Teixeira et al. [125]

Stress

EDA

Multilevel regression

v

Yang et al. [141]

Stress

EDA

Propensity score matching and linear mixed model

v

Zeile et al. [145]

Stress

PPG, ST, ECG

Rule-based process

v

Nuñez et al. [88]

Stress

EDA, ST

Logistic regression

v

Caviedes and Figliozzi [21]

Stress

EDA

Random effect model

v

Vieira et al. [130]

Stress

ECG

k-Nearest neighbours

v

Rybarczyk et al. [106]

Unspecified

PPG

Local regression model

v

Berger and Dörrzapf [12]

Stress

EDA, ET (separate parts)

Not specified

v

Zink et al. [146]

Mental workload

EEG

ANOVA

v

Mantuano et al. [78]

Attention

ET

Eye tracking software

v

Scanlon et al. [112]

Attentiveness, task effort

EEG

T tests

v

Robles et al. [99]

Attention, excitement, task effort, task difficulty

EEG

ANOVA

v

Hale et al. [55]

Risk perception

ECG

T tests

v

Gadsby et al. [46]

Comfort

ET

Eye tracking software, ANOVA

v

Fyhri and Phillips [45]

Risk perception

ECG

ANOVA

v

Liu and Figliozzi [75]

Stress

EDA

ANOVA

v

Feizi et al. [41]

Comfort

Hall effect

Z tests and ordered probit model

v

De La Iglesia et al. [30]

Exercise

ECG or PPG (not specified)

v

Descriptive statistics

v

Resch et al. [96]

Stress

PPG, ST, ECG

Rule-based process

v

Ryerson et al. [107]

Mental workload

ET

Eye tracking software, ANOVA

v

Scanlon et al. [112]

Mental distraction

EEG

T tests

v

Dastageeri et al. [29]

Happy or Fear

PPG, ST, ECG

Multilayer perceptron classifier and decision tree

v

Werner et al. [137]

Stress

EDA, ST

Rule-based process

v

Kyriakou et al. [71]

Stress

EDA, ST

Rule-based process

v

Ducao et al. [35]

Unspecified

EEG, ECG

Unspecified

v

Kiryu and Minagawa [69]

Muscle fatigue

EMG

v

Regression model

v

Gorgul et al. [51]

Stress

ECG or PPG (not specified), EDA

Getis-Ord Gi statistic

v

Mussgnug et al. [84]

Unspecified

ET

Unspecified

v

Zeile et al. [144]

Stress

PPG, ST, ECG

Rule-based process

v

Hughey et al. [58]

Perceived exertion

HR

T tests

v

Andres et al. [4]

Integrated Exertion

Gyroscope

v

Thematic analysis

v

Walmink et al. [133]

Social Exertion

ECG

v

Thematic analysis

v

Andres et al. [5]

Peripheral vision

EEG

v

Thematic analysis

v

Bial et al. [13]

Ease, comfort

ECG

v

ANOVA

v