Adminaite, D., Allsop, R., & Jost, G. (2015). Making walking and cycling on Europe’s roads safer, PIN flash report 29. Brussels: European transport Safety council (ETSC).
Auerbach, K. & Schmucker, U. (2016). Country survey: State of the art of MAIS 3+ assessment in the FERSI Member States and EU/EEA countries. FERSI working group “injury classification”.
Google Scholar
Baltes, M. R. (1998). Descriptive analysis of crashes involving pedestrians in Florida, 1990–1994. Transportation Research Record, 1636, 138–145.
Article
Google Scholar
Broughton, J. (1997). Road accident statistics. In M. Mitchell (Ed.), The Aftermath of Road Accidents (pp. 15-30). London: Routledge.
Clifton, K. J., Burnier, C. V., & Akar, G. (2009). Severity of injury resulting from pedestrian-vehicle crashes: What can we learn from examining the built environment? Transportation Research-Part D, 14, 425–436.
Article
Google Scholar
Christiansen, L. B., Cerin, E., Badland, H., Kerr, J., Davey, R., Troelsen, J., & Sallis, J. F. (2016). International comparisons of the associations between objective measures of the built environment and transport-related walking and cycling: IPEN adult study. Journal of Transport & Health, 3, 467–478.
Article
Google Scholar
EC. (2007). Commission of the European Communities Green Paper: Towards a new culture for urban mobility, COM(2007) 551. European Commission, Directorate General for Energy and Transport, Brussels.
Google Scholar
EC. (2013). Commission Staff Working Document. On the Implementation of Objective 6 of the European Commission’s Policy Orientation on Road Safety 2011–2020 - First Milestone Towards an Injury Strategy. SWD(2013) 94 final. Brussels: European Commission.
Elvik, R. (2010). Why some road safety problems are more difficult to solve than others. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(4), 1089–1096.
Article
Google Scholar
Elvik, R. (2011). Public Policy. In Porter, B. E. (Ed.) Handbook of Traffic Psychology, p. 471-483. Academic Press, Elsevier, London.
Elvik, R., & Bjørnskau, T. (2019). Risk of pedestrian falls in Oslo, Norway: Relation to age, gender and walking surface condition. Journal of Transport & Health, 12, 359–370.
Elvik, R., & Bjørnskau, T. (2017). Safety-in-numbers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence. Safety Science, 92, 274–282.
Article
Google Scholar
Elvik, R., Høye, A., Vaa, T., & Sørensen, M. (2009). The handbook of road safety measures (2nd ed.). UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Book
Google Scholar
Eluru, N., Bhat, C. R., & Hensher, D. A. (2008). A mixed generalized ordered response model for examining pedestrian and bicyclist injury severity level in traffic crashes. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(3), 1033–1054.
Article
Google Scholar
European Commission. (2017). Annual Accident Report. European Commission, Directorate General for Transport, June 2017.
Adminaite, D., Calinescu, T., Jost, G., Stipdonk, H. & Ward, H. (2018). Ranking EU Progression Road Safety. 12th Annual road safety PIN report. European Traffic Safety Council (ETSC). Brussels.
Finnish Environment Institute (2013). YKR Urban-Rural classification 2010 [Data file]. Retrieved from https://www.syke.fi/en-US/Open_information/Spatial_datasets (Accessed 14 June 2019).
Google Scholar
Finnish Transport Agency. (2018). National Travel Survey 2016. Statistics from the Finnish Transport Agency 1/2018 (p. 113). Helsinki: Finnish Transport Agency.
Finnish Government. (2016). Valtioneuvoston periaatepäätös tieliikenneturvallisuuden parantamiseksi - tiedosta liikenneturvallisuutta [the Finnish Government’s resolution on road safety]. Retrieved from: https://valtioneuvosto.fi/paatokset/paatos?decisionId=0900908f804fd1b5 (Accessed 27 Feb 2019).
Google Scholar
Finnish Government. (2018). Valtioneuvoston periaatepäätös kävelyn ja pyöräilyn edistämisestä [the Finnish Government’s resolution on promoting walking and cycling]. Retrieved from: https://valtioneuvosto.fi/paatokset/paatos?decisionId=0900908f8059d525 (Accessed 27 Feb 2019).
Google Scholar
Fontaine, H., & Gourlet, Y. (1997). Fatal pedestrian accidents in France: A typological analysis. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 29(3), 303–312.
Article
Google Scholar
Garber, N. J., & Lienau, T. K. (1996). Traffic and highway geometric characteristics associated with pedestrian crashes in Virginia. (Report VTRC 96-R29). Charlottesville: Virginia Transportation Research Council.
Google Scholar
Gitelman, V., Balasha, D., Carmel, R., Hendel, L., & Pesahov, F. (2012). Characterization of pedestrian accidents and an examination of infrastructure measures to improve pedestrian safety in Israel. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 44(1), 63–73.
Article
Google Scholar
Glász, A., & Juhász, J. (2017). Car-pedestrian and car-cyclist accidents in Hungary. Transportation Research Procedia, 24, 474–481.
Article
Google Scholar
Jacobsen, P. L., Racioppi, F., & Rutter, H. (2009). Who owns the roads? How motorised traffic discourages walking and bicycling. Injury Prevention, 15(6), 369–373.
Article
Google Scholar
Johansson, R. (2009). Vision zero — Implementing a policy for traffic safety. Safety Science, 47(6), 826–831.
Article
Google Scholar
Keall, M. D. (1995). Pedestrian exposure to risk of road accident in New Zealand. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 27(5), 729–740.
Article
Google Scholar
Kim, E., Muennig, P., & Rosen, Z. (2017). Vision zero: A toolkit for road safety in the modern era. Injury Epidemiology, 4(1), 1.
Article
Google Scholar
Kröyer, H. R. (2015). Accidents between pedestrians, bicyclists and motorized vehicles: Accident risk and injury severity, Doctoral dissertation. Lund: Lund University.
Google Scholar
Lee, C., & Abdel-Aty, M. (2005). Comprehensive analysis of vehicle-pedestrian crashes at intersections in Florida. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 37, 775–786.
Article
Google Scholar
Luoma, J., & Sivak, M. (2014). Why is road safety in the US not on par with Sweden, the UK, and the Netherlands? Lessons to be learned. European Transport Research Review, 6(3), 295–302.
Article
Google Scholar
Methorst, R. (2007). Assessing pedestrians’ needs. The European COST 358 PQN project. Walk21, Toronto October 2nd 2007.
Methorst, R., Schepers, P., Christie, N., Dijst, M., Risser, R., Sauter, D., & VanWee, B. (2017). ‘Pedestrian falls’ as necessary addition to the current definition of traffic crashes for improved public health policies. Journal of Transport and Health, 6, 10–12.
Article
Google Scholar
Ministry of Transport and Communications. (2018). Kävelyn ja pyöräilyn edistämisohjelma [Programme to promote walking and cycling]. Helsinki: Publications of the Ministry of Transport and Communications 5/2018. Ministry of Transport and Communications.
Mirzaei, E., Kheyroddin, R., Behzadfar, M., & Mignot, D. (2018). Utilitarian and hedonic walking: Examining the impact of the built environment on walking behavior. European Transport Research Review, 10, 20.
Article
Google Scholar
Mohamed, M. G., Saunier, N., Miranda-Moreno, L. F., & Ukkusuri, S. V. (2013). A clustering regression approach: A comprehensive injury severity analysis of pedestrian–vehicle crashes in New York, US and Montreal, Canada. Safety Science, 54, 27–37.
Article
Google Scholar
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2015). Traffic Safety Facts 2013 Data – Pedestrians. Washington DC: US Department of Transportation Publication no. DOT-HS-812-124.
Google Scholar
National Land Survey of Finland (2018). Municipal division [Data file]. Retrieved from: https://tiedostopalvelu.maanmittauslaitos.fi/tp/kartta?lang=en (Accessed 14 June 2019).
Google Scholar
Nilsson, G. (2004). Traffic Safety dimensions and the power model to describe the effect of speed on Safety. Lund: Bulletin 221, Lund Institute of Technology.
Google Scholar
OECD. (2018). OECD Health Statistics 2018 Definitions, Sources and Methods. Retrieved from: http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/Table-of-Content-Metadata-OECD-Health-Statistics-2018.pdf (Accessed 27 Feb 2019).
Google Scholar
Olszewski, P., Szagała, P., Wolański, M., & Zielińska, A. (2015). Pedestrian fatality risk in accidents at unsignalized zebra crosswalks in Poland. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 84, 83–91.
Article
Google Scholar
Owen, N., Humpel, N., Leslie, E., Bauman, A., & Sallis, J. F. (2004). Understanding environmental influences on walking: Review and research agenda. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27(1), 67–76.
Article
Google Scholar
Partonen, T. 2016. Suicide prevention in Finland. Safety 2016 — From research to implementation. 12th world conference on injury prevention and safety promotion. 18–21 September 2016, Tampere Finland.
Book
Google Scholar
Peltola, H., Airaksinen, N., & Sintonen, H. (2018). Serious injuries in road traffic. Accounting for serious injuries in road safety work. Helsinki: Research reports of the Finnish transport agency 2/2018 (p. 59). Finnish transport agency.
Peltola, H., & Luoma, J. (2017). Comparison of road safety in Finland and Sweden. European Transport Research Review, 9, 3.
Article
Google Scholar
Polders, E., & Brijs, T. (2018). How to analyse accident causation? A handbook with focus on vulnerable road users (Deliverable 6.3). Horizon 2020 EC project, InDeV. Hasselt: Hasselt University.
Google Scholar
Rajalin, S. (2011). Tieliikenteen itsemurhat, sairauskohtaukset ja niiden tilastointi [suicides and seizures in traffic and the registering of them]. 9.8.2011. Helsinki: Finnish Road Safety council. Retrieved from: https://www.liikenneturva.fi/sites/default/files/materiaalit/Tutkittua/Tutkimukset/2011_itsemurhat_liikenteessa.pdf. (Accessed 14 June 2019).
Retting, R., Ferguson, S., & McCartt, A. (2003). A review of evidence-based traffic engineering measures designed to reduce pedestrian–motor vehicle crashes. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1456–1463.
Article
Google Scholar
Rosén, E., Stigson, H., & Sander, U. (2011). Literature review of pedestrian fatality risk as a function of car impact speed. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(1), 25–33.
Article
Google Scholar
Roudsari, B. S., Mock, C. N., Kaufman, R., Grossman, D., Henary, B. Y., & Crandall, J. (2004). Pedestrian crashes: Higher injury severity and mortality rate for light truck vehicles compared with passenger vehicles. Injury Prevention, 10, 154–158.
Article
Google Scholar
Salenius, S. (2019). VAKVAM - Vakaviin vammautumisiin johtaneiden onnettomuuksien tiedonkeruuprojekti. [VAKVAM - data collection project for serious injury accidents]. In Presentation at traffic accident prevention expert group meeting II, 10.6.2019, Finnish institute for health and welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
Google Scholar
Sammer, G., Gruber, C., Roeschel, G., Tomschy, R., & Herry, M. (2018). The dilemma of systematic underreporting of travel behaviour when conducting travel diary surveys – A meta-analysis and methodological considerations to solve the problem. Transportation Research Procedia, 32, 649–658.
Article
Google Scholar
Schepers, P., den Brinker, B., Methorst, R., & Helbich, M. (2017). Pedestrian falls: A review of the literature and future research directions. Journal of Safety Research, 62, 227–234.
Article
Google Scholar
Sheskin, D. J. (2000). Handbook of parametric and nonparametric statistical procedures (2nd ed.). Chapman and Hall/CRC press, Boca Raton, FL.
Shinar, D., Valero-Mora, P., van Strijp-Houtenbos, M., Haworth, N., Schramm, A., De Bruyne, G., Cavallo, V., Chliaoutakis, J., Dias, J., Ferraro, D. E., Fyhri, A., Hursa Sajatovic, A., Kuklane, K., Ledesma, R., Mascarell, O., Morandi, A., Muser, M., Otte, D., Papadakaki, M., Sanmartín, J., Dulf, D., Saplioglu, M., & Tzamalouka, G. (2018). Under-reporting bicycle accidents to police in the COST TU1101 international survey: Cross-country comparisons and associated factors. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 110, 177–186.
Article
Google Scholar
Silla, A., & Luoma, J. (2012). Main characteristics of train–pedestrian fatalities on Finnish railroads. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 45, 61–66.
Article
Google Scholar
Statistics Finland (2018). Statistics on road traffic accidents. Retrieved from: http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/ton/index_en.html. (Accessed 11 Nov 2018).
Google Scholar
Sze, N. N., & Wong, S. C. (2007). Diagnostic analysis of the logistic model for pedestrian injury severity in traffic crashes. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 39(6), 1267–1278.
Article
Google Scholar
Tay, R., Choi, J., Kattan, L., & Khan, A. (2011). A multinomial logit model of pedestrian-vehicle crash severity. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 5(4), 233–249.
Article
Google Scholar
Tefft, B. C. (2013). Impact speed and a pedestrian's risk of severe injury or death. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 50, 871–878.
Article
Google Scholar
Tingvall, C., & Haworth, N. (1999). Vision zero — An ethical approach to safety and mobility. Proceedings of the 6th ITE International Conference on Road Safety and Traffic Enforcement; Beyond 2000, Melbourne, 6–7 September (1999).
Toroyan, T., Khayesi, M., & Peden, M. (2013). Time to prioritise safe walking. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 20(2), 197–202.
Article
Google Scholar
Traficom (2019a). Valid driving licences by driver’s licence class in 2014–2019. Retrieved from: http://trafi2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/TraFi/TraFi__Ajokortit/010_ajok_tau_101.px/ (Accessed 12 Dec 2019).
Google Scholar
Traficom (2019b). Vehicles in traffic by quarter in 2008 to 2019. Retrieved from: http://trafi2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/TraFi/TraFi__Liikennekaytossa_olevat_ajoneuvot/040_kanta_tau_104.px/ (Accessed 12 Dec 2019).
Google Scholar
Traficom (2019c, January 8). Kävelyn ja pyöräilyn investointitukea myönnettiin 15 kunnalle [Investment support for walking and cycling was granted to 15 municipalities]. Retrieved from: https://www.traficom.fi/fi/ajankohtaista/kavelyn-ja-pyorailyn-investointitukea-myonnettiin-15-kunnalle (Accessed 14 June 2019).
Valletta Declaration on Road Safety (2017). Ministerial Declaration on Road Safety. 29. March 2017. Valletta Malta EU2017.
Yannis, G., Papadimitriou, E., Chaziris, A., & Broughton, J. (2014). Modeling road accident injury under-reporting in Europe. European Transport Research Review, 6(4), 425–438.
Article
Google Scholar
Zajac, S. S., & Ivan, J. N. (2003). Factors influencing injury severity of motor vehicle-crossing pedestrian crashes in rural Connecticut. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 35(3), 369–379.
Article
Google Scholar
Zeeger, C. V., & Bushell, M. (2012). Pedestrian crash trends and potential countermeasures from around the world. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 44(1), 3–11.
Article
Google Scholar